|
“cabernet sauvignon”:
the principal grape cultivar of Bordeaux, France, producing the red wine known as “claret” in England hort
cacao: the tree is often called cacao, while the product is called cocoa, from which chocolate is manufactured; the cacao plant is a evergreen
flowering tree native to wet, warm forests of South and Central America; the centre of origin of cacao is on the eastern equatorial slopes of the Andes, and it occurs throughout the Amazon Valley where it
provides an interesting example of a cline; all the wild trees in the centre of origin are self-incompatible; as one moves down the Amazon, self-compatible types become increasingly common and, at the river
mouth, they are all self-compatible; all the cacao in West Africa is self-compatible and very uniform, with a very narrow genetic base; this tree grows to 40 feet (12 m) tall; after flowering, 10 to 14-inch long
red fruit pods develop; in each pod are almond-shaped cacao beans and pulp; chocolate is made from the beans in the pods of the cacao plant, Theobroma cacao (Sterculiaceae), 2n = 2x = 20 hort
.......... much more in the book
caliper: an instrument to measure diameters of trees or logs fore >>> hypsometer
capture probe - Fangsonde f:
phage or antibody probes that bind proteins in a sample such that their relative expression levels can be detected biot
cash crops: a readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (as vegetables or cotton, tobacco, coffee, sisal etc) agr >>> truck crop
catch crop:
a method of increasing agricultural or horticultural productivity by filling in the empty spaces, for example, it is created when slower-growing vegetables are harvested with fast-growing crops; in general, a short duration crop grown in between two main crops in a rotation to maximize cropping intensity, e.g., summer >>> greengram grown in between two main cereal crops (wheat-greengram-maize); usually grown without any extra nutrient application and expected to feed on the residues of nutrients applied to the main crops agr >>> stubble crop >>> underplant crop
cavity: a tunnel left inside the maize stalk, e.g. from European corn borer feeding, or a hole or hollow area, especially inside a tree phyt
chimera - Chimäere f: a tissue containing two or more genetically distinct cell types, or an individual composed of such tissue;
chimeral plants may originate by grafting, spontaneous mutation, induced mutation, sorting-out from variegated seedlings, mixed callus cultures, or protoplast fusion; one of the earliest described cases of a
graft chimera was the “Bizzaria” orange, which arose after a scion of sour orange had been grafted onto a seedling of citron late in the 17th century; the vast majority of variegated-leaf chimeras
have arisen by spontaneous nuclear or plastid mutation; colchicine has been widely used to induce cytochimeras of fruiting plants; structural classification of chimeras includes periclinal, mericlinal and
sectorial chimeras; periclinal describes the stable, “hand-in-glove” arrangement of the tunica-corpus region; mericlinal, describes a type of periclinal where only part of a layer is mutant; and
sectorial, describes a form where a solid sector through all apical layers is mutant; the conventional method of describing the genotypes of the tunica and corpus regions is the use of the abbreviations L.I,
L.II, and L.III, which represent the outermost layer, the next tunica layer in, and the corpus, respectively; a plant chimeral for ploidy level, or a cytochimera, with a diploid L.I, tetraploid L.II, and
tetraploid L.III would be 2-4-4; a variegated chimeral plant possessing a mutant chlorophyll deficient (albino) outer tunica layer overlying normal inner tissue would be labeled a WGG chimera (W indicating
white, or albino, tissue; G indicating green tissue); while a plant with the outer layer normal, the next layer in mutant, and the inner corpus normal, would be designated GWG, and so on; such designations are,
in the case of chlorophyll chimeras, generally based on the appearance of leaves and other organs produced by derivatives of the apical meristem, and thus may not refer to precise meristem cell layers, since
chlorophyll is not synthesized and therefore is not detectable in the tunica and corpus cells of the meristem itself bot >>> ectochimera >>> endochimera >>> mesochimera >>> mutation >>> xenia >>> valence cross >>> Figure 56 >>> Picture 001
chromosome - Chromosome n:
a DNA-histone protein thread, usually associated with RNA, occurring in the nucleus of a cell; it bears the genes, which constitute the hereditary material; each species has a constant number of chromosomes; in 1999, a first plant chromosome of the weed Arabidopsis thaliana was genetically decoded; the eukaryotic chromosome is a single DNA molecule complexed with chromatin proteins; it is organized to allow for a hierarchical packing scheme, i. e. (a) DNA helix is wound twice around a core particle of histone proteins, (b) 30 nm fiber: six histone core particles per turn, and (c) loops of 30 nm fibers are formed by attachment of chromatin to the nuclear matrix roughly every 30 to 100 kb; it is important to make the distinction between de-condensed interphase chromosomes and condensed mitotic chromosomes;Â during interphase, most of the chromosomal material needs to be in an open configuration, to allow for gene expression to occur; during mitosis, the chromatin needs to be condensed; the term was proposed by WALDEYER (1888) for the individual threads within a cell nucleus cyto gene
class (of seed and seed crop):
refers to the generations of pedigreed seed and seed crops, such as breeder, select, foundation, registered, and certified which have met the standards prescribed by recognized seed and seed crop certification agencies seed
class-uniform (resolvable design): a resolvable design in which the multiset of block sizes in each parallel class of the resolution is the
same stat
clean cultivation: the practice of periodic soil tillage to eliminate all vegetation other than the crop being grown; all plant residues are taken
off the field and are not recycled in situ agr meth
cleaning crop:
a crop, such as potatoes or sugarbeet, that is used in the crop rotation to help suppress weeds; it does this by shading out the young weeds, which can be finally destroyed by cultivation agr phyt
clinometer >>> hypsometer
C3 plants - C3-Pflanze f: a class of plants in which the first product of CO2 fixation is the 3-carbon compound, phosphoglyceric acid; these are usually temperate plants and are characterized by lower dry matter per unit water used, occurrence of photorespiration and need for greater CO2 concentration as compared to C4 plants; photosynthetically these plants are less efficient than C4 plants; among C3 plants are wheat, rice, barley; biofertilizers for C3 plants include Rhizobium or Azotobacterphys agr
codominant - kodominant adj: a heterozygote that shows fully the phenotypic effects of both alleles at a gene locus gene; in
forestry, a tree receiving full light from above, but comparatively little from the sides; such trees usually have medium sized crowns fore
cole (crops) - Kohl m: vegetables of the genus Brassica,including cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage and turnips hort>>> Figure 8
column-complete Latin square:
a >>> Latin square is column-complete if each ordered pair of distinct symbols occurs precisely once in consecutive positions in a column of the square stat
column diagram >>> histogram
column-quasi-complete Latin square:
a >>> Latin square is column-quasi-complete if each unordered pair of distinct symbols occurs precisely twice in consecutive positions in a column of the square stat
comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) - vergleichende Genomhybridisierung f:
a molecular cytogenetic technique that allows detection of DNA sequence copy number changes throughout the genome in a single hybridization meth biot cyto
complementary herbicide: herbicides used in conjunction with a specially designed, herbicide tolerant crop; if a soybean cultivar is genetically
modified to have tolerance to an herbicide, the herbicide is considered that soybean cultivar's complementary herbicide; complementary herbicides for herbicide tolerant plants developed with genetic
engineering are generally "non-selective" or "broad-spectrum" herbicides; these affect central sites of plant metabolism and are thus effective against a wide range of plants; an herbicide
tolerant crop and its respective complementary herbicide constitute an herbicide tolerance system; in this combination, wide-spectrum herbicides like “Roundup” can be applied to kill nearly all weeds
without harming the crop biot agr
complete digest: the treatment of a DNA preparation with an endonuclease for sufficient time for the entire potential target sites
within that DNA to have been cleaved biot
complete flower - vollständige Blüte f: a flower that has pistils, stamens, petals, and sepals bot
complete Latin square: a Latin square is complete if it is both row-complete and column-complete stat
complete penetrance - vollständige Penetranz f:
the situation in which a dominant gene always produces a phenotypic effect or a recessive gene in the homozygous state always produces a detectable effect gene
complex heterozygous - komplexheterozygot adj: special type of genetic system based on the heterozygosity for multiple reciprocal
translocations cyto
complex locus: a cluster of two or more closely linked and functionally related genes constituting a pseudoallelic series gene
component of variance >>> variance
component weight: for each stage of sampling, the component weight is equal to the reciprocal of the probability of selecting the unit at that
stage stat
composite: a plant of the immense family Compositae, regarded as comprising the most highly developed flowering plants bot; a mixture of
genotypes from several sources, maintained by normal pollination seed
composite cross: a population derived from the hybridization of several parents, either by hand-pollination or by the use of male sterility meth
composite fruit: a seed distribution unit that includes many ovaries connected by fruit walls or other suitable tissue; if the flower basis
(receptacle) or other flower components are thick and fleshy (e.g., in strawberry, apple, or fig), it is called false fruit or pseuduocarp bot
composite mixture: breeder seed obtained by mechanically combining seed from two or more strains; the mixture is increased through successive
steps in a certified seed program and distributed as a synthetic variety seed
compost - Kompost m: plant and animal residues that are arranged into piles and allowed to decompose agr hort
compound cross: a combination of desirable genes from more than two inbred lines, breeding strains, or varieties meth
compound cyme: a determinate inflorescence where there is secondary branching, and each ultimate unit becomes a simple cyme bot
concatemer: tandem repeats of identical DNA molecules; lamda phage DNA must be concatemer in order to be packaged biot >>> lamda phage
http://wheat.pw.usda.gov/ITMI/Repeats/index.shtml
concatenate: interlocked circles (e.g., plasmids) biot
concave: shaped like the inside of an egg bot
condensation of chromosomes >>> chromosome contraction >>> coiling
condenser: a lens or combination of lenses that gathers and concentrates light in a specified direction, often used to direct light onto the
projection lens in a projection system micr
condenser iris diaphragm: the substage iris diaphragm located at the front focal plane of the condenser lens of a microscope; with KOEHLER
illumination, the iris lies in a plane conjugate with the rear focal plane of the objective lens micr
conditional mutation: a mutation that has the wild-type phenotype under certain environmental conditions (temperature, age, nutrition) and a
mutant phenotype under other conditions gene
conditioned dominance: dominance affected by the presence of other genes or by environmental influence gene
conditioned storage: storage of seed under controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity seed meth
conditioner: a material or substance added to a fertilizer that keeps it flowing free meth agr
conditioning: the term used to describe the process of cleaning seed and preparing it for market; sometimes called processing seed >>> Table 11
conduction: plasmid mobilization involving cointegrate formation biot
conductivity test: an electrical conductivity test that associates the concentration of leachates from seeds, after soaking in water, to their
quality seed
cone - Zapfen m: a fruit with overlapping scales in which seeds are formed fore
cone collection: harvesting of cones after seed maturation but before their dispersal fore hort
confidence belt >>> confidence limit
confidence limit: a term for a pair of numbers that predict the range of values (confidence interval) within a particular parameter stat
confocal optics: a microscope optical system in which the condenser and objective lenses both focus onto one single point in the specimen micr
congenic strain:
a variant plant strain that is obtained by backcrossing a donor plant strain to an inbred parental strain for at least eight generations while maintaining by appropriate selection the presence of a small genetic region derived from the donor strain gene
conical divider: an inverted metal cone below a spout from a hopper; the seeds fall over the cone to be evenly dispersed; a series of bugle or
riffle dividers separate the seeds into channels seed
conidiophore: a threadlike stalk upon which conidia (spores) are produced; a specialized hypha upon which one or more conidia may bear bot
conidium (conidia pl): any asexual spore formed on a conidiophore bot
conifer - Nadelbaum m:
a species of plant that bears it naked seeds in cones (a woody strobilus); their flowers are in cones, and male and flower cones are separate; the oldest (bristlecone pine) and the largest (sequoia) extant organisms belong to this class; it belongs to the Gymnospermae which includes needle-leafed trees such as pines and cypresses; most conifers are evergreen trees and shrubs, e.g., pine, fir, larch, and spruce trees; mesozoic era conifers included redwoods, yews, pines, the monkey puzzle tree (Araucaria),
cypress, and Pseudofrenelopsis (Cheirolepidiaceae); towards the end of the Mesozoic, flowering plants flourished and began to overtake conifers as the dominant flora; their unique feature is the
inheritance of cytoplasmic DNA (chloroplasts) via pollens bot
coniferous tree >>> conifer
conjugate (of a Latin square):
a >>> Latin square obtained by permuting the roles of "rows", "columns", and "symbols" stat
conjugation: a process whereby organisms of identical species, but opposite mating types, pair and exchange genetic material (DNA) gene; in molecular biology, natural process of DNA transfer between bacteria in which the DNA is never exposed; it is insensitive to externally added DNase biot
connective: the tissue joining the two cells of an anther bot
conoidal: nearly conical bot
consanguinity >>> coancestry
consensus sequence: if a particular nucleotide sequence is always found with only minor variations, then the usual form of that sequence is called
consensus sequence; the term is also used for genes that encode the same protein in different organisms gene
conservation: maintenance of environmental quality and resources seed
conservation tillage: seed bed preparation systems that have about 30 % or more of the residue cover on the surface after planting agr
constitutive heterochromatin:
the material basis of chromosomes or segments that exhibit heterochromatic properties under most conditions (e.g., centromeric or telomeric heterochromatin) cyto
constitutive mutation: causes genes that usually are regulated to be expressed without regulation gene
constriction - Einschnürung f:
an unspiralized segment of fixed position in the metaphase chromosomes (nucleolar ~ , primary or centric ~ , secondary ~ ) cyto
containment: measures taken to prevent release of recombinant DNA molecules into the natural environment; biological and physical methods are
applied biot
contiguous (contig) map: the alignment of sequence data from large, adjacent regions of the genome to produce a continuous nucleotide
sequence across a chromosomal region biot
continuous culture: an in vitro suspension culture continuously supplied with nutrients by the inflow of fresh medium; the culture volume is normally
constant biot >>> closed continuous culture
continuous scale: a scale for scoring quantitative data for which the number of potential values is not predefined and is potentially limitless
(e.g., seed weight in grams) stat
continuous variation: variation in the expression of inherited traits in which a series of nondiscrete, intermediate types, which cannot be
divided into separate categories, connect the extremes with no obvious breaks between them gene >>> quantitative character
contour ploughing: a system of ploughing in which the furrows follow the land contours in order to minimise soil erosion meth agr
contrasting genetic character: a character with marked phenotypic differences gene
control: an economic reduction of crop losses caused by plant diseases phyt agr
controlled breeding: the reproduction of desired characteristics >>> breeding
controlling element: a mobile (autonomous or nonautonomous) genetic component capable of producing an unstable, mutant target gene gene
controlling gene: a gene that is involved in turning on or off the transcription of structural genes; two types of genetic elements exist in this
process; a regulator and a receptor element; the receptor elements is one that can be inserted into a gene, making it a mutant, and can also exit from the gene; both of these functions are under control of the
regulator element gene
control pollination:
in horticulture and forestry, to purposely pollinate the female flowers of a tree with pollen from a known source; usually the flowers are isolated from undesirable pollen by covering them with a pollen-tight cloth or paper bag before they are receptive; it is a way to produce full-sib families meth hort fore
convariety (convar.):
a group of similar cultivars within a variable species or hybrids between two species; the term has now been replaced in most cases by the word "group" tax
convergence: the evolution of unrelated species occupying similar adaptive areals, resulting in structures bearing a superficial resemblance evol
convergence breeding:
a breeding method involving the reciprocal addition to each of two inbred lines of the dominant favorable genes lacking in one line and present in the other; backcrossing and selection are performed in parallel, each of the original lines serving as the recurrent parent in one series meth >>> Figure 31
convergence-divergence selection: a breeding scheme in which selection of promising genotypes is made in a bulk population at different locations
followed by massing of selection and allowing mating among them in a pollination field; the harvested bulk seeds constitute the basis for the next propagation cycle meth
convergent crossing >>> convergence breeding
convex: shaped like the outside of an egg bot
coorientation >>> centromere orientation
COP >>> coefficient of parentage
copper (Cu):
a malleable ductile metallic element having a characteristic reddish brown color; as a trace element it is needed by plants; deficiency can cause severe problems of growth; as iron efficiency, copper efficiency is genetically controlled (e.g. on rye chromosome arm 5RL a dominant gene and/or gene complex is located, increasing Cu efficiency not only in rye but also in wheat when the gene is transferred into the recipient) chem phys >>> white leaf disease >>> mugeinic acid >>> chelate
coppice: natural regeneration originating from stump sprouts, stool shoots, or root suckers fore hort
coppice-of-two-rotations method: a coppice method in which some of the coppice shoots are reserved for the whole of the next rotation; the rest
being cut fore
coppice method: a method of regenerating a forest stand in which the cut trees produce sprouts, suckers, or shoots fore
coppice selection method: a method in which only selected shoots of usable size are cut at each felling, leading to uneven-aged stands fore
coppice shoot: any shoot arising from an adventitious or dormant bud near the base of a woody plant that has been cut back fore hort
coppice-with-standards method: regenerating a forest stand by coppicing; selected trees grown from seed are left to grow to larger size than the
coppice beneath them; the method is used to provide seeds for natural regeneration of standards in subsequent rotations fore
copulation: the fusion of sexual elements gene
copy-choice hypothesis:
the interpretation of intrachromosomal genetic recombination that is not regarded as a physical exchange of preformed genetic strands gene
copy error: an error in the DNA replication process giving rise to a gene mutation gene
copy gene: genetic material incorporating the genetic code for a desirable trait which has been copied from DNA of the donor to the host organism biot
copy number: the number of molecules per genome, of a plasmid or a gene, that a cell contains gene biot
cordage: ropes agr
cordon: an extension of the grapevine trunk, usually horizontally oriented and trained along the trellis wires; it is considered permanent (or
perennial) wood hort
core collection:
the basic sample of a germplasm collection; it is designed to represent the wide range of diversity in terms of morphology, geographic range, or genes; it contains, with a minimum of repetitiveness, the genetic diversity of a crop species and its wild relatives; it is not intended to replace existing gene banks collections but to include the total range of genetic variation of a crop in a relatively small and manageable set of germplasm accessions meth seed
corepressor: a metabolite that in conjugation with a repressor molecule binds to the operator gene present in an operon and prevents the synthesis
of a repressible enzyme gene
coriaceous: leathery bot
cork - Kork n: in woody plants, a layer of protective tissue that forms below the epidermis bot
cork cambium >>> phellogen
cork layer - Korkschicht f: layer of dead protective tissue between the bark and cambium in woody plants bot
http://rootgenomics.missouri.edu
corm(us): an underground storage organ formed from a swollen stem base, bearing adventitious roots, and scale leaves; it may function as an
organ of vegetative reproduction or in perennation bot
corn - Korn n: the edible seed of cereal plants other than maize bot >>> caryopsis
corn - Mais m: US maize
corn bran: the fibrous outer coating of the maize kernel, regarded as a low-grade food for cattle or a high-grade food for humans bot
corneous: it refers to hard, vitreous, or horny endosperm in cereal grains bot agr
corn-loft >>> granary
corolla:
a collective term for all the petals of a flower; a nonreproductive structure; often arranged in a whorl; encloses the reproductive organs bot
correlation - Korrelation f: the degree to which statistical variables vary together; measured by the correlation coefficient, which
has a value from zero (no correlation) to –1 or +1 (perfect negative or positive correlation) stat
correlation breaker >>> outlier
correlation coefficient - Korrelationskoeffizient m: a measure for the degree of association between two or more variables in an
experiment; it may range in value from –1 to +1 stat >>> correlation
corresponding gene pair: a pair of genes in a parasite that corresponds with a pair of genes in a host, which function together to bring about a
specific outcome phytcortex >>> rind
corymb: a racemose inflorescence in which the lower pedicels are longer than the upper so that the flower lies as a dome or dish, and the outline
is roundish or flattish bot
cosmid - Kosmid n: a synthetic word derived from the designations cos and plasmid; a cosmid is a plasmid (e.g., pBR322) with
so-called cos-sites of the DNA; they offer the chance of incorporation of alien DNA fragments of sizes between 32-45 kb gene >>> cos site
cosmopolite: plant of worldwide distribution eco
cosmopolitan cultivar(s): cultivars that have a wide geographical and environmental range agr eco
cos site:
the site of the circular form of phage lamda or others that is cleaved by the terminase to generate the cohesive 12 bp 5' overhang ends of the linear phage as it is packaged into the capsid biot >>> cosmid >>> lamda phage
cosuppression: silencing of a gene by addition of transgenic DNA copies or infection by a virus; this term, which can refer to silencing at the
post-transcriptional (PTGS) or transcriptional (TGS) level, has been primarily adopted by researchers working with plants biot >>> post-transcriptional silencing
cotransformation: an event of two plasmids entering the same cell by transformation biot
Cot curve:
graphic representation of the progress of a (liquid) hybridization experiment; used to determine the complexity of DNA mixtures (e.g., the size of the genome) gene biot
Cot value: an expression for the rate of DNA renaturation (annealing-reannealing); DNA renaturing at low Cot is composed of highly
repetitive sequences and DNA renaturing at high Cot values is minimal or nonrepetitive gene biot
cotyledon - Keimblatt n:
the leaf-forming part of the embryo in a seed; it may function as a storage organ from which the seedling draws food, or it may absorb and pass on to the seedling nutrients stored in the endosperm; once it is exposed to light it develops chlorophyll and functions photosynthetically as the first leaf bot >>> Table 16
cotyledonary node: the point of attachment of the cotyledons to the embryonic axis bot
coulter: a sharp blade or wheel attached to the beam of a plough, used to cut the ground in advance of the ploughshare agr
coumarin - Kumarin n: a white crystalline compound (C9H6O2) with a vanilla-like odor; it
gives sweetclover its distinctive odor; it is also known as a chemical growth inhibitor that has germination-inhibiting capability phys
couple method (of breeding):
a breeding method exclusively used in breeding of allogamous plants; from an original population (e.g., of sugarbeet), single plants are selected and, subsequently, pair-wise crossed, preventing unwished pollination; the crossing partners should be as similar as possible in spite of color, growth habit, etc.; the offspring is grown in separate plots during the following year; the selection of individuals from the plots and a repeated pair-wise crossing can be realized during the fourth year; during the fifth year offspring is grown in plots and again selected for progeny testing meth >>> Figure 41 >>> Table 35
coupling of factors: linkage in which both dominant alleles are in the one parent gene >>> linkage
covariance analysis:
an analysis of the mean of the product of the deviation of two variates from their individual means; it measures the interrelationship between variables stat
coverage error: in an estimate results from the omission of part of the target population stat
cover crop:
a crop grown between orchard trees or on fields between the cropping seasons of a main crop, to protect the soil against erosion and leaching and for improvement of soil agr
C3 pathway: most common pathway of carbon fixation in plants; this photosynthesis produces at first a 3-carbon (C3) compound (phosphoglyceric
acid); in C3 plants, about 25 % of the net carbon uptake is reevolved immediately in photorespiration phys
C4 pathway: a carbon fixation found in some plants that have high rates of growth and photosynthesis and that are adapted to high temperatures,
strong light, low carbon dioxide levels, and low water supply; this photosynthesis produces at first a 4-carbon (C4) compound (phosphoenolpyruvate, PEP); in C4 plants, photorespiration is suppressed to a very
large extent due to the presence of a very efficient C2-concentrating mechanism phys
C3 plants: a class of plants in which the first product of CO2 fixation is the 3-carbon compound, phosphoglyceric acid; these are usually temperate plants and are characterized by lower dry matter per unit water used, occurrence of photorespiration and need for greater CO2 concentration as compared to C4 plants; photosynthetically these plants are less efficient than C4 plants; among Ce plants are wheat, rice, barley; biofertilizers for C3 plants include Rhizobium or Azotobacterphys agr
C4 plants:
found principally in hot climates whose initial fixation of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis is by the Hatch Slack Kortshak (HSK) pathway; the enzyme responsible is PEP carboxylase (carboxylates phosphoenolpyruvate, PEP, to give oxaloacetate), whose products contain four carbon atoms; subsequently the carbon dioxide is released and refixed by the Calvin Benson cycle; the presence of the HSK pathway permits efficient photosynthesis at high light intensities and low carbon dioxide concentrations; most species of this type have little or no photorespiration; among C4 plants are sugarcane, maize, tropical grasses; Azospirillum is the main biofertilizer for C4 plants phys
crease: the fold on a cereal grain bot
criss-crossing: a continuous, rotational crossbreeding system alternately using males or pollinators of two different breeds; this system is
simple to manage and breeds its own replacements; it utilizes the benefit of hybrid vigor; compared to the common F1, some hybrid vigor can be lost, but that loss is more than compensated for by reduced
management effort and cost meth
criss-cross inheritance: the transmission of a gene from mother to son or father to daughter gene >>> criss-crossing
cristae >>> mitochondrion
critical difference: a value indicating least significant difference at values greater than which all the differences are significant stat
critical set (in a Latin square):
a set of entries in a square grid which can be embedded in precisely one >>> Latin square, with the property that if any entry of the critical set is deleted, the remaining set can be embedded in more than one Latin square stat
crop: a plant species expressly cultivated for use agr >>> Table 35 >>> crop plant
crop calendar:
a list of the standard crops of a region in the form of a calendar giving the dates of sowing and the agricultural operations and various stages of their growth in years of normal weather agr meth
crop divider (at the harvester): separates the standing crop from the material being cut agr
crop evolution: the adaptation of a crop over generations of association with humans evol
cropping pattern: the yearly sequence and spatial arrangement of the crops or of crops and fallow on a given area; it includes sequential or
multiple cropping, intercropping, mixed cropping, relay cropping etc., e.g., rice followed by wheat, maize followed by wheat followed by greengram agr meth >>> crop rotation
crop plant - Kulturpflanze f: a plant expressly cultivated for use; the majority of crops can be classified as (1) root and tuber
crops (potato, yams), (2) cereals (e.g., wheat, oats, barley, rye, rice, maize), (3) oil and protein crops (rapeseed, pulses), (4) sugar crops (sugarbeet, sugarcane), (5) fiber crops (cotton, jute), or (6)
forage crops (grasses, legumes); agronomic crops can be classified as (a) green manure crops, (b) cover crops, (c) silage crops, or (d) companion crops; about 2 % of the 250,000 higher plant species are used in
agriculture, horticulture, etc.(about 1,700-2,000); economically, the most important families are the legumes and the grasses, which account for more than a quarter of the total species; they are followed by Rosaceae, Compositae, Euphorbiaceae, Labiatae, and Solanaceae, all with more than 100 taxa; among the families with 50 to 100 crop species, Liliaceae, Agavaceae, and Palmae are worth mentioning, whereas more than 50 % of the families have fewer than ten crop species agr >>> Tables 1, 35 >>> crop plants
crop residue - Pflanzenrückstand m: that portion of a plant left in the field after harvest (maize stalk or stover, stubble) agr
crop rotation - Fruchtfolge f: the alternation of the crop species grown on a field; usually this is done to reduce the pest and
pathogen population or to prevent one-track exhaustion agr
crop ferality: feral plants are often semi-domesticated, escaped from the field a long time ago, having been domesticated and now growing
wild (Cyperus rotundus, Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinochloa colonum, Eleusine indica, Sorghum halepense, Imperata cylindrica, Portulaca oleracea, Chenopodium album, Digitaria
sanguinalis, Convolvulus arvensis, Avena fatua, Amaranthus hybridus, Amaranthus spinosus, Cyperus esculentus, Paspalum conjugatum, Rottboellia exaltata); but growing wild has to be circumscribed properly:
only in exceptional cases a feral crop really grows in the wild, usually such populations stick to ruderal places, to disturbed habitats, in the dense competitive environment of natural habitats such as
dry meadows it is very difficult for weeds and feral plants to establish permanently; weeds and feral crops are perfectly adapted to life conditions in anthropogenically disturbed areas; thus,
surviving strategies of weeds and feral crops are very diverse (germination requirements, discontinuous germination, rapid growth through vegetative phase to flowering, continuous seed production for as long as
growing conditions permit; self-compatible but not completely autogamous or apomictic; when cross-pollinated, unspecialized visitors or wind-pollinated; very high seed output under favourable environmental
circumstances, adaptations for short- and long-distance dispersal, if a perennial, vigorous vegetative reproduction or regeneration from fragments etc.) agr biot
crop tree:
a tree identified to be grown to maturity and which is not removed from the forest before the final harvest cut; it is usually selected on the basis of its location with respect to other trees and its quality fore meth
cross: bringing together of genetic material from different individuals in order to achieve genetic recombination meth
cross back >>> backcrossing
crossability: the ability of two individuals, species, or populations to cross or hybridize bot eco
crossbred >>> self
crossbreeding: outbreeding or the breeding of genetically unrelated individuals; this may entail the transfer of pollen from one individual to the
stigma of another of a different genotype meth >>> Figure 7 >>> Picture 013 >>> Table 35
crossbreeding barrier:
a pre- and/or postfertilization condition (i.e., progamous or postgamous incompatibility) that prevents or reduces crossbreeding or any form of gene transfer; it is caused by genetic, environmental, physical, or chemical influences >>> Table 35
cross classification - Kreuzklassifizierung f: classification according to more than one attribute at the same time stat
cross coancestry:
refers to the average of the elements in a coancestry matrix excluding the self-coancestry on the diagonal; thus the expected inbreeding following random mating in a population without inbreeding stat meth >>> pairvise coancestry >>> group coancestry >>> coancestry
cross-fertilization:
the fusion of male and female gametes from different genotypes or individuals of the same species, as base of genetic recombination bot >>> allogamy >>> cross-pollination >>> Table 35
cross-hybridization:
in biotechnology, the hydrogen bonding of a single-stranded DNA sequence that is partially but not entirely complementary to a single-stranded substrate; often, this involves hybridizing a DNA probe for a specific DNA sequence to the homologous sequences of different species biot
crossing barrier: any of the genetically controlled mechanisms that either entirely prevent or at least significantly reduce the ability of
individuals of a population to hybridize with individuals of other populations gene >>> crossbreeding barrier
crossing block: a crop plant nursery containing the parental stocks for a breeder's crossing program meth
crossing group(s):
any group of individuals that comprises a unique set of parents: (1) diallel crossing group—controlled crosses are made between each pair of parents in the group but crosses with parents outside the group are excluded, (2) factorial crossing group—a limited number of parents are used as male testers in controlled crosses with an unlimited number of female parents, (3) open-pollinated crossing group—all parents in a breeding population are included in a progeny test or series of tests meth fore hort >>>
Table 35
crossing-over: the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes by breakage and reunion; it occurs during pairing of chromosomes at
prophase I of meiosis; the temporary and visible joins between chromosomes during crossing-over are called chiasmata gene cyto >>> Figure 24
crossing-over map:
a genetic map made by utilizing crossing-over frequencies as a measure of the relative distances between genes in one linkage group (chromosome) gene
cross(ing)-over unit: a 1 % crossing-over value between a pair of linked genes gene >>> MORGAN unit
cross-inoculation: inoculation of one legume species by the symbiotic bacteria from another agr
cross-pollinating crop >>> crossbreeding >>> cross-pollination >>> xenogamy >>> Table 35
cross-pollination: the transfer of pollen from the stamen of a flower to the stigma of a flower of a different genotype but usually of the same
species, with subsequent growth of the pollen tube bot >>> allogamy >>> Picture 013 >>> Table 35
cross-protection: plant protection conferred on a host by infection with one strain of, for example, a virus that prevents infection by a closely
related strain phyt
cross-resistance: resistance associated with a change in one genetic factor that results in resistance to different chemical pesticides that were
never applied phyt
cross-sterility:
the failure of fertilization because of genetic or cytological conditions (incompatibility) in crosses between individuals >>> crossing barrier >>> Table 35
crown: the stem-root junction of a plant (e.g., the overwintering base of an herbaceous plant) hort; the term is also used for the treetop bot fore
crown cover: the canopy of green leaves and branches formed by the crowns of all trees in a forest fore
crucifer:
a plant belonging to the Brassicaceae or mustard family, a large dicotyledonous family of important crop and ornamental plants (turnip, cabbage, etc.) bot >>> Figure 8
crust: a surface layer of soil that becomes harder than the underlying horizon when dry agr
cryoability:
the ability of plant material (seeds, tissue, organs) to preserve or store under very low temperatures, usually in liquid nitrogen (–196°C) phys
cryobank: the preservation or storage under very low temperatures, usually in liquid nitrogen (–196°C) meth seed
cryodamage: damage caused by exposure to cold conditions agr
cryopreservation: the preservation or storage in very low temperatures, usually in liquid nitrogen (–196°C) meth
cryoprotectant:
a chemical, which is used to protect seeds, cultured material, tissue, organs or cells from the low temperature in cryopreservation (e.g., glycerol) prep
cryoscopy: a technique for determining the molecular weight of a substance by dissolving it and measuring the freezing point of the solution meth
cryostat: a device designed to provide low-temperature environments in which experiments may be carried out under controlled conditions prep
cryptochrome >>> photomorphogenesis
cryptogam: a plant (e.g., fern) that reproduces by means of spores rather than seeds bot
cryptogam(ous): reproduction by spores or gametes rather than seeds bot
cryptogams >>> cryptogam(ous)
cryptomeric gene >>> cryptomerism
cryptomerism:
the phenomenon that a gene or an allele does not show a phenotypic effect unless it is activated by another genetic factor, which leads to a sudden change of qualities in the progeny, not recognized among the ancestors gene
crystallography:
the determination of, for example, the protein structure; the protein is crystallized and the crystals examined using X rays; the diffraction angles of the X rays are used to compute the relative positions of components of the protein, and thus its structure phy
CsCl2 gradient: a method used to separate DNA or phages according to buoyant density biot
CSSA: Crop Science Society of America
CTD >>> canopy temperature depression
cuckoo chromosome: an alien chromosome that shows a preferential transmission during generative reproduction; found in certain wheat-Aegilops crossing progenies cyto
cuckoo gene: it refers to a gene conferring preferential transmission from the maternal parent, e.g., in Lablab purpureus (KONDURI et al.,
2000) gene
cucullate: hood- or cowllike in form bot
culled >>> off-grade
culling: the postharvest removal of pathogen-infected or damaged fruit, seeds, or plants by screening procedures; the culled or off-graded
material can later be individually analyzed or discarded meth
culm - Halm m: the jointed stem in cereals, grasses, or sedges; filled with pith or solid bot
cultigen: a cultivated plant or group of plants for which there is no known wild ancestor (e.g., maize Zea mays) bot tax
cultivar - Sorte f: a contraction of “cultivated variety” (abbreviated cv.); refers to a
crop variety produced by scientific breeding or farmer’s selection methods; after International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP-1995): "cultivar" is synonymous with
"Sorte" (German), "variety" (English), or "variété" (French); Chapter 3: "A cultivar is a taxon that has been selected for a particular attribute or combination of
attributes, and that is clearly distinct, uniform and stable in its characteristics and that, when propagated by appropriate means, retains those characteristics." bot >>> variety
cultivar identification system: a classification system based on sequence-tagged microsatellite loci analysis with fluorescent primers and
suitable computer software; allows unequivocal identification of varieties, paternity testing, and duplicate identification meth biot
cultivar mixture: a mixture of different varieties in order to improve the environmental adaptability or the resistance to pathogens seed
cultivation: the art or process of agriculture agr
cultivator - Kultivator m: an implement drawn between rows of growing plants to loosen the earth and destroy weeds agr
culture - Kultur f: a growth of one organism or of a group of organisms for the purpose of production, trade, and utilization or for
experiments agr
culture collection:
a collection of cultures of more or less defined or characterized viruses, bacteria, and other organisms; usually used for reference and comparison with new isolates phyt
culture medium: medium on or in which tissues, organs, or cells are cultured; supplies the mineral and hormonal requirements for the growth meth biot
culture tube: a tube in which tissue, organs, cells, or organisms are cultured prep
cumulative genes: polymeric non-allelic genes gene
cupule: a cup-like structure at the base of some fruits bot
current agriculture: science-based area-specific agriculture which makes use of mineral fertilizers, organic manures, bioinoculants and plant
protection chemicals adopting best management practices; it is also termed as conventional agriculture agr >>> agriculture
curry powder:
in India, any good cooks make their own curry powders, and there are as many recipes as there are good cooks; m ost curry powders contain about 25% >>> turmeric (Cucurma domestica), 25% >>> coriander (Coriandrum sativum)
seeds, and various amounts of >>> cumin (Cuminum cyminum) seeds, >>> cardamoms (Elettaria cardomomum), >>> fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds, >>> chillies (Capsicum annum), >>> ginger (Zingerber officinale), >>> black pepper (Piper nigrum),
and dill (Anethum graveolens) seeds hort
cushion plants: have small, hairy, or thick leaves borne on short stems and forming a tight hummock bot
cut-and-come-again: applied to any plant that is cut or sheared after flowering and blooms again (e.g., Petunia spp., pansy) hort
cut flowers: flowers that are cut off the plant and used as decoration hort
cuticle: a thin, waxy, protective layer covering the surface of the leaves and stems bot
cutin: the complex mixture of fatty-acid derivatives with waterproofing qualities of which the cuticle is composed bot
cutinize:
to impregnate a cell or a cell wall with cutin, a complex fatty or waxy substance, which makes the cell more or less impervious to air and moisture bot
cutout: the occurrence of physiologically indeterminate growth (e.g., in cotton) agr
cut surface >>> cutin >>> cutinize
cutting:a section of a plant that is removed and used for propagation; cuttings may consist of a whole or part of a stem (leafy or nonleafy),
leaf, bulb, or root; a root cutting consists of root only; other cuttings have no roots at the time they are made and inserted; as opposed to division, a kind of propagation that consists of part of the crown of
a plant or of its above-ground portion and roots; several  types of cuttings can be taken from the parent stock, which depends on the point on the parent stock the cutting is taken from; four major
categories of cuttings are (1) stem cuttings, (2) leaf cuttings, (3) leaf-bud cuttings, and (4) root cuttings; stem cuttings are severed twigs that have been placed into growing medium and
encouraged to develop roots; stem cuttings are broken down into sub-classes consisting of hardwood, semi-hardwood, softwood, and herbaceous cuttings; hardwood cuttings are taken from the current seasons
growth; this portion of the tree offers young tissue; cuttings should be taken during the winter season; semi-hardwood cuttings are produced from woody, broadleaf evergreens, and leafy summer
cuttings; they are taken from partially matured portion of the plant, usually taken during the summer growing months just after new shoot development, and partially matured; softwood cuttings are
taken from new, soft, succulent spring growth from either deciduous or evergreen species; although softwood cuttings usually root easier and quicker than other cuttings, they also require more labor and
equipment; this is because the cuttings are made with their leaves still attached; herbaceous cuttings are taken from succulent, herbaceous plants; this type of cutting roots fast, but is not used in
forestry practice; leaf cuttings are not used extensively in forestry applications; this form of propagation utilizes the leaf to promote new plant growth; a root and shoot will form and develop, from the
leaf cutting, into a new plant; the original leaf cutting does not remain as part of the new formed plant; leaf-bud cuttings is not used extensively in forestry applications; the leaf-bud cutting
includes the leaf itself, petiole, and a small piece of stem with the axially bud; this form of cutting propagation is useful when material is scare, because the same amount of stock will produce twice as many
new plants as that of stem cuttings; root cuttings, which are used in forestry propagation, should be taken from the young plant stock during the winter and spring months to ensure that they are saturated
with stored foods; this time frame also prevents cutting during the time the parent plant is rapidly expanding shoot growth; cutting during active expansion will take food stores away from the root system hort fore meth
cutting cycle:
the planned time interval between major harvesting operations in the same tree stand; the term is usually applied to uneven-aged stands; e.g., a cutting cycle of 10 years means that every 10 years a harvest would be carried out in the stand fore
cv. >>> cultivar
C value - C-Wert m: the DNA quantity per genome (i.e., per chromosome set); the content of diploids is referred to as the 2C; haploid cells
contain the 1C amount of DNA cyto
cybrid:
the hybrid formed from the fusion of a cytoplast and a whole cell; the cytoplast may transmit cytoplasmic components independently of the cell genome bot
cyclical parthenogenesis: a life history in which a sequence of apomictic generations is followed by amphimictic generations bot
cyclic design - zyklische Versuchsanlage f:
an incomplete-block design is a cyclicdesign if its blocks can be partitioned into sets of blocks such that each set is a thin cyclic design stat >>> an incomplete-block design
cycling: a round of recombination, testing and selection; it may often refer to the mating breed
cycling strategy: choice of methods of recombination, testing and selection in repeated cycling meth breed >>> breeding strategy
cyclohexanedione(s) (CHDs): as aryloxyphenoxypropionates (APPs), it is a specific graminicide herbicide; chloroplastic acetyl
CoA-carboxylase (ACCase) is the target of the chemical reaction; with the wide application resistance to these compounds became a worldwide, increasing problem phyt phys
cycloheximide (actidione): an antibiotic from Streptomyces griseus; antibacterial and antifungal biot
cyme: an inflorescence in which each axis ends in a flower bot
cysteine (Cys): an aliphatic, polar alpha-amino acid that contains a sulfydryl group chem phys
cytochimera: different tissues or parts of them differ in chromosome number cyto >>> chimera >>> Figure 72
cytochrome (Cyt) - Zytochrom n:
an iron-containing pigment that plays a major role in respiration; more detailed, one of a group of haemoproteins, which are classified into four groups designated a, b, c, and d; they function as electron carriers in a variety of redox reactions in virtually all aerobic organisms phys
cytodifferentiation:
the sum of processes by which during the development of the individual the zygote specialized cells, tissue, and organs are formed cyto
cytogamy - Zytogamie f: the fusion or conjugation of cells cyto
cytogenetic map - zytogenetische Karte f:
a map showing the locations of genes on a chromosome, i. e. the visual appearance of a chromosome when stained and examined under a microscope; particularly important are visually distinct regions, called light and dark bands (or colored bands), which give each of the chromosomes a unique appearance cyto gene
http://www.desicca.de/Rye gene map
cytogenetics - Zytogenetik f: scientific discipline that combines cytology with genetics gene cyto
cytogenic male sterility >>> cytoplasmic male sterility
cytogony: the reproduction by single cells cyto
cytohet: a cell containing two different cytoplasmic genomes (e.g., mitochondria) that differ in one or more genes contributed by two parents;
thus, the individual is cytoplasmatically heterozygous gene
cytokinesis - Zytokinese f:
during the division of a cell, the division of the constituents of the cytoplasm; it usually begins in early telophase with the formation of a cell plate, which is assembled within the phragmoplast across the equatorial plane; the phragmoplast is a complex array of GOLGI-derived vesicles, microtubule, microfilaments, and endoplasmatic reticulum that assembles during the late anaphase and is dismantled upon completion at the new wall cyto
cytokinin - Zytokinin n:
one of a group of hormones, including kinetin, that act synergistically with auxins to promote cell division but, unlike auxins, that promote lateral growth phys
cytology - Zytologie f: the branch of biology dealing with the structure, function, and life history of the cell cyto
cytolysis - Zytolyse f: breaking up or solution of the cell wall cyto
cytomixis - Zytomxis f: the extrusion or passage of chromatin from one cell into the cytoplasm of an adjoining cell cyto
cytoplasm - Zytoplasma n: the part of a cell that is enclosed by the plasma membrane, but excluding the nucleus cyto
cytoplasmic inheritance - zytoplasmatische Vererbung f:
a non-Mendelian (extra-chromosomal) inheritance via genes in cytoplasmic organelles (mitochondria, plastids) gene
cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS):
pollen abortion due to cytoplasmic factors, which are maternally transmitted, but which act only in the absence of pollen-restoring genes; this type of sterility can also be transmitted by grafting gene >>> Figure 2
cytoplasmon - Zytoplasmon n: all cytoplasmic hereditary constituents of a cell excepting those localized in the plastids and
mitochondria cyto
cytoplasm-restorer >>> cytoplasmic male sterility
cytoplast - Zytoplast m: the cytoplasm as a unit, as opposed to the nucleus bot
cytosine (C) - Zytosin n: a pyrimidine base that occurs in both DNA and RNA chem gene
cytosol - Zytosol n:
the water-soluble components of cell cytoplasm, constituting the fluid portion that remains after removal of the organelles and other intracellular structures bot
cytostatic - zytostatisch adj: any physical or chemical agent capable of inhibiting cell growth and cell division phys
cytotaxonomy - Zytotaxonomie f: the study of natural relationships of organisms by a combination of cytology and taxonomy tax >>>
Table 17
cytotype - Zytotyp m:
any variety of a species whose chromosome complement differs quantitatively or qualitatively from the standard complement of that species cyto
|
